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Carole Wade earned her Ph.D. in cognitive psychology at Stanford University. She began her academic career at the University of New Mexico, where she taught courses in psycholinguistics and developed the first course at the university on the psychology of gender. She was professor of psychology for ten years at San Diego Mesa College, then taught at College of Marin and Dominican University of California. In addition to this text, she and Carol Tavris have written Invitation to Psychology; Psychology in Perspective; and The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective. Dr. Wade has a long-standing interest in making psychology accessible to students and the general public. In particular, she has focused her efforts on the teaching and promotion of critical-thinking skills, diversity issues, and the enhancement of undergraduate education in psychology. She chaired the APA Board of Educational Affairs’s Task Force on Diversity Issues at the Precollege and Undergraduate Levels of Education in Psychology, as well as the APA’s Public Information Committee; has been a G. Stanley Hall lecturer at the APA convention; and served on the steering committee for the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology. Dr. Wade is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a charter member of the Association for Psychological Science. When she isn’t busy with her professional activities, she can be found riding the trails of northern California on her Morgan horse, McGregor, or one of his Arabian stablemates, Condé or Ricochet.
Carol Tavris earned her Ph.D. in the interdisciplinary program in social psychology at the University of Michigan, and as a writer and lecturer she has sought to educate the public about the importance of critical and scientific thinking in psychology. In addition to this text, she and Carole Wade have written Invitation to Psychology; Psychology in Perspective; and The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective. Dr. Tavris is also coauthor, with Elliot Aronson, of Mistakes Were Made (But Not by Me): Why We Justify Foolish Beliefs, Bad Decisions, and Hurtful Acts; and author of The Mismeasure of Woman and Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion. She has written on psychological topics for a wide variety of magazines, journals, edited books, and newspapers. Many of her book reviews and opinion essays for the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times Book Review, the TLS, Scientific American, and other publications have been collected in Psychobabble and Biobunk: Using Psychology to Think Critically About Issues in the News. Dr. Tavris lectures widely on topics involving science vs. pseudoscience in psychology and psychiatry, on writing about science for the public, and many other subjects of contemporary interest. She has taught in the psychology department at UCLA and at the Human Relations Center of the New School for Social Research in New York. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a charter Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science; and a member of the editorial board of the APS journal Psychological Science in the Public Interest. When she is not writing or lecturing, she can be found walking the trails of the Hollywood Hills with her border collie, Sophie.
BRIEF TOC:
1. What is Psychology?
2. How Psychologists Do Research
3. Genes, Evolution, and Environment
4. The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
5. Body Rhythms and Mental States
6. Sensation and Perception
7. Learning and Conditioning
8. Behavior in Social and Cultural Context
9. Thinking and Intelligence
10. Memory
11. Emotion, Stress, and Health
12. Motivation
13. Development Over the Lifespan
14. Theories of Personality
15. Psychological Disorders
16. Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
Appendix: Statistical Methods
DETAILED TOC:
Chapter 1: What is Psychology?
Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion
Thinking Critically and Creatively About Psychology
Psychology's Past: From the Armchair to the Laboratory
The Birth of Modern Psychology
Three Early Psychologies
Psychology's Present: Behavior, Body, Mind, and Culture
The Major Psychological Perspectives
Other Influential Movements in Psychology
What Psychologists Do
Psychological Research
Psychological Practice
Psychology in the Community
BIOLOGY, CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY: Beyond the Borders
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: What Psychology Can Do for You - and What it Can't
Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?
Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts
Case Studies
Observational Studies
Tests
Surveys
Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships
Measuring Correlations
Cautions About Correlations
Experiments: Hunting for Causes
Experimental Variables
Experimental and Control Conditions
Experimenter Effects
CULTURE AND RESEARCH: Special Challenges
Evaluating the Findings
Descriptive Statistics: Finding Out What's So
Inferential Statistics: Asking "So What?"
Interpreting the Findings
Keeping the Enterprise Ethical
The Ethics of Studying Human Beings
The Ethics of Studying Animals
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Lying with Statistics
Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
Unlocking the Secrets of Genes
The Genetics of Similarity
Evolution and Natural Selection
Innate Human Characteristics
Our Human Heritage: Language
The Nature of Language
The Innate Capacity for Language
Learning and Language
Our Human Heritage: Courtship and Mating
Evolution and Sexual Strategies
Culture and the "Genetic Leash"
The Genetics of Difference
The Meaning of Heritability
Computing Heritability
Our Human Diversity: The Case of Intelligence
Genes and Individual Differences
BIOLOGY AND INTELLECT: Genes and Brainy Brains
The Question of Group Differences
The Environment and Intelligence
Beyond Nature versus Nurture
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Should You Have Genetic Testing?
Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint
The Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
Communication in the Nervous System
The Structure of the Neuron
Neurons in the News
How Neurons Communicate
The Plastic Brain
Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System
Mapping the Brain
A Tour through the Brain
The Brain Stem
The Cerebellum
The Thalamus
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
The Amygdala
The Hippocampus
The Cerebrum
CULTURE AND THE CORTEX: Can Culture Shape the Brain?
The Two Hemispheres of the Brain
Split Brains: A House Divided
The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opposites?
Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research
Where Is the Self?
Are There "His" and "Hers" Brains?
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Cosmetic Neurology: Tinkering with the Brain
Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience
Circadian Rhythms
Moods and Long-Term Rhythms
CULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS: The Case of "PMS"
The Rhythms of Sleep
The Realms of Sleep
Why We Sleep
Exploring the Dream World
Dreams as Unconscious Wishes
Dreams as Efforts to Deal with Problems
Dreams as Thinking
Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity
Evaluating Dream Theories
The Riddle of Hypnosis
The Nature of Hypnosis
Theories of Hypnosis
BIOLOGY AND HYPNOSIS: Now You See It. . .
Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Classifying Drugs
The Physiology of Drug Effects
The Psychology of Drug Effects
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: The Drug Debate
Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
Our Sensational Senses:
The Riddle of Seperate Sensations
Measuring the Senses
Sensory Adaptation
Sensing Without Perceiving
Vision
What We See
An Eye on the World
Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera
How We See Colors
Constructing the Visual World
Hearing
What We Hear
An Ear on the World
Constructing the Auditory World
Other Senses
Taste: Savory Sensations
Smell: The Sense of Scents
Senses of the Skin
The Mystery of Pain
BIOLOGY AND EXPECTATIONS OF PAIN: Positive Thinking and the Power of the Placebo
The Environment Within
Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences
Inborn Abilities
Critical Periods
Psychological and Cultural Influences
CULTURE AND PERCEPTION: Of Carpenters and Context
Perception without Awareness
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Extrasensory Perception: Reality or Illusion?
Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
New Reflexes from Old
Principles of Classical Conditioning
What Is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning?
Classical Conditioning in Real Life
Learning to Like
Learning to Fear
Accounting for Taste
Reacting to Medical Treatments
BIOLOGY AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Pavlov and Peanut Butter
Operant Conditioning
The Birth of Radical Behaviorism
The Consequences of Behavior
Principles of Operant Conditioning
Skinner: The Man and the Myth
Operant Conditioning in Real Life
The Pros and Cons of Punishment
The Problems with Reward
Learning and the Mind
Latent Learning
Social-Cognitive Learning Theories
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Does Media Violence Make You Violent?
Chapter 8: Behavior in Social and Cultural Context
Roles and Rules
The Obedience Study
The Prison Study
Why People Obey
Social Influences on Beliefs and Behavior
Attributions
Attitudes
BIOLOGY AND BELIEFS: Do Genes Influence Attitudes?
Persuasion or "Brainwashing"?: The Case of Suicide Bombers
Individuals in Groups
Conformity
Groupthink
The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds
Altruism and Dissent
Us Versus Them: Group Identity
Ethnic Identity
Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes
Group Conflict and Prejudice
The Origins of Prejudice
Defining and Measuring Prejudice
Reducing Conflict and Prejudice
The Question of Human Nature
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Dealing with Cultural Differences
Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
Thought: Using What We Know
The Elements of Cognition
How Conscious is Thought?
Reasoning Rationally
Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic
Informal Reasoning: Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking
Reflective Judgment
Barriers to Reasoning Rationally
Exagerrating the Improbable (and Minimizing the Probable)
Avoiding Loss
The Fairness Bias
BIOLOGY AND ECONOMIC CHOICE: Rejecting Unfair Offers
The Hindsight Bias
The Confirmation Bias
Mental Sets
The Need for Cognitive Consistency
Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases
Measuring Intelligence: The Psychomatic Approach
The Invention of IQ Tests
CULTURE AND INTELLIGENCE TESTING: Can IQ Tests Be Culturally Fair?
Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach
The Triarchic Theory
Domains of Intelligence
Thinking Critically About Intelligence(s)
Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success
Animal Minds
Animal Intelligence
Animals and Language
Thinking About the Thinking of Animals
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Becoming More Creative
Chapter 10: Memory
Reconstructing the Past
The Manufacture of Memory
The Conditions of Confabulation
Memory and the Power of Suggestion
The Eyewitness on Trial
Children's Testimony
In Pursuit of Memory
Measuring Memory
Models of Memory
The Three-Box Model of Memory
The Sensory Register: Fleeting Impressions
Short-Term Memory: Memory's Scratch Pad
Long-Term Memory: Final Destination
The Biology of Memory
Changes in Neurons and Synapses
Locating Memories
Hormones, Emotion, and Memory
How We Remember
Effective Encoding
Rehearsal
Read, Recite, Review
Retrieval Practice
Mnemonics
Why We Forget
Decay
Replacement
Interference
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
The Repression Controversy
Autobiographical Memories
Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years
Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Memory and Myth
Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
The Nature of Emotion
Emotion and the Body
BIOLOGY AND DECEPTION: Can Lies Be Detected in the Brain and Body?
Emotion and the Mind
Emotion and Culture
How Culture Shapes Emotions
Communicating Emotions
Gender and Emotion
The Nature of Stress
Stress and the Body
Stress and the Mind
CULTURE AND CONTROL: What Can We Change, and What Must We Accept?
Stress and Emotion
Hostility and Depression: Do They Hurt?
Positive Emotions: Do They Help?
Emotional Inhibition and Expression
Coping with Stress
Solving the Problem
Rethinking the Problem
Drawing on Social Support
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: How Much Control Do We Have Over Our Emotions and Our Health?
Chapter 12: Motivation
The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat
The Biology of Weight
Environmental Influences on Weight
CULTURE AND THE IDEAL BODY: Norms, Gender, and Weight
The Body as Battleground: Eating Disorders
The Social Animal: Motives to Love
The Biology of Love
The Psychology of Love
Gender, Culture, and Love
The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex
The Biology of Desire
The Psychology of Desire
The Culture of Desire
Gender. Culture, and Sex
BIOLOGY AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION: Elusive Causes, Recent Clues
The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve
The Effects of Motivation on Work
The Effects of Work on Motivation
Motives, Values, and the Pursuit of Happiness
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: How to Attain Your Goals
Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
From Conception through the First Year
Prenatal Development
The Infant's World
Attachment
Cognitive Development
Language
Moral Development
Gender Development
Gender Identity
Influences on Gender Development
Adolescence
The Physiology of Adolescence
BIOLOGY AND THE TEEN BRAIN: Less Guilty by Reason of Adolescence?
The Psychology of Adolescence
Adulthood
Stages and Ages
The Transitions of Life
Old Age
The Wellsprings of Resilience
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Bringing Up Baby
Chapter 14:Theories of Personality
Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Freud and Psychoanalysis
Other Psychodynamic Approaches
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
The Modern Study of Personality
Popular Personality Tests
Core Personality Tests
Genetic Influences on Personality
BIOLOGY AND ANIMAL TRAITS: Do Puppies Have Personalities?
Heredity and Temperament
Heredity and Traits
Evaluating Genetic Theories
Environmental Influences on Personality
Situations and Social Learning
Parental Influences-and Its Limits
The Power of Peers
Cultural Influences on Personality
Culture, Values, and Traits
CULTURE AND VIOLENCE: The Cultivation of Male Aggression
Evaluating Cultural Approaches
The Inner Experience
Humanist Approaches
Narrative Approaches
Evaluating Humanist and Narrative Approaches
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: How to Avoid the "Barnum Effect"
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
Diagnosing Mental Disorders
Dilemmas of Diagnosis
CULTURE AND MENTAL ILLNESS: Are Mental Problems the Same Everywhere?
Dilemmas of Measurement
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety and Panic
Fears and Phobias
Obsessions and Compulsions
Mood Disorders
Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Origins of Depression
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Biology and Addiction
Learning, Culture, and Addiction
Debating the Causes of Addiction
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Origins of Schizophrenia
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Mental Disorder and Personal Responsibility
Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
Biological Treatments for Mental Disorders
The Question of Drugs
Direct Brain Intervention
Major Schools of Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
Behavior and Cognitive Therapy
Humanist and Cognitive Therapy
Family and Couples Therapy
Evaluating Psychotherapy
CULTURE AND PSYCHOTHERAPY: Does a Therapist-Client "Match" Matter?
The Scientist-Practitioner Gap
When Therapy Helps
BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY: How Treating the Mind Changes the Brain
When Therapy Harms
The Value and Values of Psychotherapy
TAKING PSYCHOLOGY WITH YOU: Becoming a Smart Consumer of Psychological Treatments
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